1 Jayakarta – Batavia – Jakarta
The history of Jakarta begins with the glory of the Hindu Pajajaran Kingdom, under which what is now called Jakarta was only a port called Sunda Kelapa. In 1527, Portuguese delegates came with small troops, but was pushed back by Fatahillah who conquered the city, and since then the city was called Jayakarta, meaning the “city of victory”. The date was 22nd June 1527, now still celebrated as the birthday of Jakarta.
The Dutch came to Jayakarta in 1596, founded the VOC in 1602 and started to grow their influence in the city. Until 1619, the city fell to the Dutch under Jan Pieterzoon Coen as the first governor, and the name of the city changed to Batavia. There was a time when Batavia fell to the British army in 1811, and returned to the Dutch after an agreement between both sides in 1820. During the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), the name Batavia finally changed to Jakarta, and it became the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia after the independence war (1945-49).
2 Five stages of Jakarta
Morphologically, the development of Batavia had passed through five stages. The first one (17c – late of 18c), the settlement of the old town, begun just after the city fell to the Dutch army. It started with the fortification of the city and application of the Dutch urban planning, complete with canals, drawbridges, canal houses, etc.. Then diverse ethnic groups such as Chinese and Arab had also engaged in trading. But the fortification itself generated a disease epidemic and consequently urban center was moved into the southern suburbs of Weltevreden, and the second stage (the late of 18c – the late of 19c) started.
This was carried out under the Governor-General Daendels who constructed the Great Post Road which connects Batavia with Bogor. Moreover, various facilities such as government offices, residences, military facilities, church, square, etc had been constructed around Weltevreden through 19c.
In the third phase (the late of 19c – 1945) Batavia had been developed as “Modern City”. modern infrastructures such as railway, port, etc had been constructed and also in Kota new buildings, for example Stasiun Kota, were built. Then, the municipality of Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) was integrated into municipality of Batavia in 1935 and kampung was also organized into the system of administration. Those stages went along until the independence in 1945, which started the fourth stage. In the fourth stage (1945-1960’s), where the southern urbanization seemed to have gone well, continued with the development of Kebayoran Baru (the satellite city which was started in 1948) and Senayan Olympic Complex for Asian Game in 1962. These projects were planned by not only Indonesian architects in the first generation and foreign architects, by but also the first President Soekarno who used to be an architect. With these as turning points, Thamrin-Sudirman road was constructed to connect the Northern part of the city (Monas) with the Southern part (Kebayoran Baru and Senayan), and several buildings rose along its streets.
In the fifth stage, we can see Jakarta as the capital of Indonesia through heritages. Those five stages of development of Jakata city have left many significant signs of heritage throughout the city. Mostly it was located at the crucial places of history, like the old city (Kota), the Chinese ward (Glodok), the new center of the city with Gambir and Lapangan Merdeka, the elite ward Menteng, the incorporated town of Jatinegara (Meester Cornelis) and the suburb of Kebayoran.
********** Works **********
Papers
- 林 憲吾, 徳田 哲司, 白佐立, 村松 伸「近代植民都市バタヴィアの空間形成 : 近現代に再編成されたジャカルタの都市遺産資産に関する研究 その1(都市史:東南アジア・ヨーロッパ(1), 建築歴史・意匠)」『学術講演梗概集』社団法人日本建築学会,2006, pp. 349-350
- 松田 浩子, 村松 伸「バタヴィアの市街地拡大と「水」への対応 : 近現代に再編成されたジャカルタの都市遺産資産に関する研究 その2(都市史:東南アジア・ヨーロッパ(1), 建築歴史・意匠)」『学術講演梗概集』社団法人日本建築学会, 2006, pp. 351-352
- 谷川 竜一, 村松 伸「立ち現れる新生インドネシアのグローバルシティ : 近現代に再編成されたジャヵルタの都市遺産資産に関する研究 その3(都市史:東南アジア・ヨーロッパ(1), 建築歴史・意匠)」『学術講演梗概集』社団法人日本建築学会, 2006, pp353-354
Jakarta Heritage Map2007
Page1【Click to enlarge】
Page2【Click to enlarge】
